• Surface Water Monitoring
• Ground Water Monitoring & Well/Pump Control  Wells (multiple)
  Water quality monitoring is available for well diameters greater than two inches (five centimeters).
  
  
• Confined & Unconfined Aquifers
• Verification of Continuous Stage, Velocity & Discharge Data for AVM Streamflow Gaging Stations
• Pump Control Systems-Pumps at wells can be automatically controlled and pumping schedules can be set based upon water levels in the aquifers as well as delivery schedules
• Coastal restoration
• Flood warning
• River monitoring
• Dams & reservoirs
• Irrigation systems & the DitchMaster
• Storm water runoff
• Water resource management
• Industrial effluent discharge monitoring & sampling
• Collecting & developing long-term water resources planning statistics

Applications Gaging applications include, but are not limited to:

• Flood forecasting, warning and management
• Municipal, industrial and agricultural water allocation
• Sediment and pollutant loading and determinations / modeling
• Flood plain delineation and management
  
• Design and operation of reservoirs
  
• Wastewater discharge permitting
• Establishing and maintaining flows for aquatic wildlife
• Scheduling power production
• Designing, operating and maintaining navigation facilities
• Determining surface water/groundwater inter relationships
• Studies of long-term changes in the hydrologic cycle
  
• Aquaculture
  
• Aquatic system restoration

Principles & Instrumentation

• channel shape
• cross-sectional area of the channel
• gradient
• channel “roughness”
  
• water depth
• water volume

Once a gaging location has been selected, a reconnaissance of the site determines site-specific gradient, channel configuration, morphology, confluences with other water bodies, and the location of natural and manmade structures that might affect discharge and gaging.  Most gaging instrumentation is permanently mounted to a structure for extended periods of time. Therefore, the equipment and instruments used must be rugged for long term deployments and capable of functioning reliably and accurately under any extreme conditions. Some maintenance is always necessary, but can be reduced significantly with careful selection of the most appropriate gaging, logging and communication equipment and instruments.

Gaging Instrumentation

• high and low flow conditions
• a wide range of flows drift fouling in the presence of turbidity and high algal densities
• temperature
• level extremes (and frequency of extremes)
• presence
• frequency and magnitude of bi-directional and/or multidirectional currents (i.e., downstream surface flow with upstream subsurface flow, as in the case of coastal streams exhibiting saltwater wedges)
• susceptibility to surface currents from wind presence of non-homogeneous flow amount and type of surface debris.

Generally, there are two categories of gaging devices or sensors:

• mercury and balance beam manometers with gas purge
• pressure transducers (submersible and differential with gas purge)
• flats with potentiometers or shaft encoders
• ultrasonic range sensors

• vertical axis current meters
• electromagnetic point velocity meters
• acoustical point velocity meters
• acoustical doppler current profilers (ADCPs)